Florida Highway Patrol records show at least seven suicides last year; skywaybridge.com put the number at 10, about half the 2018 number. Later, transportation officials contracted with the Highway Patrol to increase patrols on the bridge. Learn more about our publication. She had no way of knowing if he would find her comments, but his roommate did, and alerted him. Below is a list of the top 10 bridges in the world with the highest rate of . Stainless steel, diamond-patterned netting resembling chicken wire would be attached to poles that extend straight up from the existing cement wall, creating an obstacle that will be nearly 11 feet high and, officials say, difficult to climb. 573 Following. Who was the Good Samaritan who stopped his car? That was me! SAN DIEGO (KUSI) - After five decades of people jumping off the Coronado Bridge, Caltrans will finally be getting serious about installing suicide barriers from one side to the next. Reynolds said the center did not see an uptick in calls from the bridge in 2020. The Skyway ranks among the worst bridges in the nation for suicides. Now, a project designed to prevent them is finally underway. The bridge connects Pinellas and Manatee counties and has attracted people bent on suicide since the 1960s, when a previous Sunshine Skyway spanned Tampa Bay. The next day, at the top of the Skyway, a state trooper searched the cab of the pickup and found Mitchells cell phone in the center console, according to a Sheriffs Office report. The fence has sharply curtailed but not eliminated suicides there. Great to drive over or boat under for terrific views. As a kid, he and his friends rode their bikes on the bridge while it was still under construction. It took a social media forum to reunite them hours later. On a sunny August evening, Mitchell Martin parked a Chevy pickup on the shoulder at the top of the Sunshine Skyway bridge. There are more than 83,000 average daily trips across the five-lane span. More than 400 people have died jumping 200-plus feet into the water off the bridge since it opened in 1969, making it second only to San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge for the most suicides . Humber Bridge, Kingston-upon-Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom - more than 200 incidents of people jumping or falling from the bridge took place in the first 26 years after it opened in 1981. Nov 19, 2021 Updated Nov 19, 2021. Treatment is effective and the easiest way to start is just to pick up the phone.. As we closely approached the Coronado Bridge, I became interested in the traffic traveling on the bridge. Coronado Times. On the Golden Gate Bridge, where about 1,700 people have died, authorities are installing horizontal metal nets that are 20 feet wide and sit 20 feet below the sidewalks. April 25, 2022 4:26 PM PT. He writes news features and human interest stories. 1998 - 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. | All Rights Reserved. But the pandemic delayed the delivery of fencing materials from overseas, pushing back the start date. The driver then got out of the car and jumped off the bridge. One key design issue will be minimizing the ability of someone to climb the net. Learn how your comment data is processed. By Phil Diehl. My eyes were now focused on this seemingly innocent stop in the flow of traffic. 2023 www.thetimesherald.com. It will take another 20-30 minutes to clear the scene and re-open the bridge. The sun was shining, but the winds were up on Tampa Bay, making for less than ideal boating conditions. I prayed that his family would be able to mourn appropriately and go through the stages of grief, because some people get stuck in denial or anger, he said. Opinion: Are Community Planning Group Reforms the End of Local Democracy? A few minutes later, when the man swung his dangling leg back onto the road, Sullivan made a move, jumping on him and pinning him to the pavement. Then San Diego police began to aid in shutting down transition roads from I-5 and by 6:38 p.m. they were advised that the situation would require a long-term closure.. A day or two after her brothers death, Megan Martin got a Facebook message from a woman she didnt know. His body plunged downward, with a forceful end of life unacceptable for any innocent onlooker to view. I wish hed been the last one, Robin said. Click this website:http://quickmap.dot.ca.gov/ Bouchard says that . Where could all those folks be traveling, I thought to myself. Copyright 2002-2023, eCoronado.com, LLC. A woman jumped to her death Wednesday morning from the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, authorities said. This happenstance decision landed us to bear witness to another seemingly more calculated decision by a fellow member of our society. On Friday, May 8, my family had the opportunity to enjoy a full day on the water, boating up and down the bay and into the open waters. Updated 12:05 p.m. Thursday, from Coronado police dispatch and CHP online logs. 1 bridge in . Now we just have to keep pushing until its actually done.. Great to see some of the best of humanity and awesome that you found each other., And another posted, A little bit of humanity is restored. Tips can also be emailed by clicking on the CAPTURE link at porthuronpolice.org. The man was talked down shortly before authorities called for traffic to be again be allowed on the bridge at 11:57 p.m. Resigned motorists were stranded for hours because of the situation, as they waited to joinan unusually quiet scene at the base of the bridge, with just two police cars on what are usually busy streets. The incident happened at 11:30 a.m. when there was heavy fog covering the span, CHP officials said. San Diego Residents Report Rise in Viruses, San Diego Lands on Top 20 List of Happiest Places to Live,' Other San Diego Cities on List, La Mesa Woman Says Paving Company Forced Her to Pay for Unfinished Driveway. Most praised the two for their fast work. Follow. Funding will be a significant hurdle. Had all gone according to the state Transportation Departments plan, the barrier likely would have been at least partially erected by the time Mitchell Martin arrived at the bridge that day. Even though the server responded OK, it is possible the submission was not processed. Sullivan said hes glad the barrier is going up. I am so glad that its going up, and I wish it would have been up a lot sooner, said Megan Martin, Mitchells sister. Officers said the community was fortunate the situation started after the most intense part of rush hour, but even with lighter traffic there's not much room on Glorietta for the overflow. Sullivan said he has intercepted about 10 people since he started working the Skyway detail about three years ago. 167 reviews of Coronado Bridge "I can see the "Coronado Bridge" (as locals call it) from my home. On the site and associated Facebook page, witnesses tell their stories, explain how helpless they felt. Was his decision related to the harsh economic hardships facing many of us due to COVID-19? The drivers identity was not immediately released. In a recent email to the Tampa Bay Times, Bush said he got involved at the request of the late Barbara Wilcox, then chairwoman of the board of the Crisis Center of Tampa Bay. According to a brief message from the Coronado . Get the news and information you need to take on the day. By Dan Stamm Published March 6, 2014 Updated on March 6, 2014 at 3:47 pm. Two local city council members, Bill Sandke in Coronado and Raul Campillo in San Diego, recently called on a regional planning agency to reallocate $25 million earmarked in 2004 for a tunnel from the bridge to North Island Naval Air Station. What hurricane hunters and forecasters do the other 6 months of year. Coronado coronado.ca.us Joined December 2010. This pain, this grief, this loss, I wouldnt wish this on anybody.. Who was the young man who decided to end his life? We put locks on guns, we put special caps on our pills and lock them away, she said. Nearly 32 years ago Steve Bouchard jumped off the Coronado Bridge and fell 240 feet to the water below and survived. As it is, the agency is looking at a likely minimum of five years before construction could begin. Two illusionists fell in love. It is too easy to use this bridge as a vehicle for suicide, as more than 400 people have died from leaping off it since it opened in 1969. They reach out to friends and family, starting an investigation that usually is turned over to the Hillsborough County Sheriffs Office, which has jurisdiction. A St. Petersburg Fire Rescue boat arrived about a half-hour later. He was taken to a hospital, Corbin said. As the two struggled, the 21-year-old screamed for someone to help him. SAN DIEGO A U.S. Navy sailor whose pickup truck plunged off a bridge into a San Diego park, killing four people, has been sentenced to nearly 10 years in prison. The empty skies, shores, stores and restaurants along the water from Tom Hams Lighthouse to Seaport Village also tugged at my heart with strings of uneasiness that was in direct combat with the excitement of watching the glorious scenes of submarines coming in and out of the harbor, and dads teaching their sons to sail. This is a developing story. If you or someone you know needs help, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1 800-273-TALK (8255). I would be happy, he said, to not respond to these as much as we do.. Then another person in December, and still another in January. Petty Officer 3rd Class Nick Pisano told the San Diego Union-Tribune Tuesday that there was no way he was going to let the man jump. It's another to know she took you with her. In her message, Kindt said her husband was there the day Mitchell jumped and he stayed with his body. All rights reserved. The Martin family is left to wonder why Mitchell, who would have turned 26 on March 11, decided to end his life and why he chose the Skyway. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC. Edward Roman, 38, was observed parking his car mid-span on the Brooklyn-bound side of the bridge and jumping into the water just after 6:30 a.m., officials said. A CHP spokesman said the man who tried to jump is 82, and was taken for a mental health evaluation. I told my daughter, Im glad you didnt go out on the boat because you wouldnt have been a child anymore, " he said. She began to sob as traffic roared by them in the darkness. Amid growing community and political pressure, the California Department of Transportation installed 4-inch-tall metal bird spikes on the walls as an interim measure three years ago while it studied more permanent solutions. A man abandoned his car and jumped off the Walt Whitman Bridge this morning causing a large search effort and . While enjoying the water, I contemplated the hardships of displaced workers who were visible from the Disney cruise ship, Wonder, which continues to be docked, hosting a small number of crew members who are unable to leave the ship, waiting for their next assignment. The netting will extend on the northbound and southbound spans to a point where the bridge is roughly 50 feet above the water. Traffic quickly backed up behind the crash. JOTB is a passion project crafted . As the minutes have turned to hours since we witnessed this suicide, my mental replays and questions have multiplied. The teams customized search pattern, created by Dilkey and two of his colleagues, has delivered consistent success in locating bodies. Robin told him how much comfort it gave her to know someone prayed for her son right after his death, and how grateful the family was that Mitchells body was recovered. The contractor has 120 days to complete the project, not including time lost for inclement weather. Caltrans is seeking public comments through July 14 on several options for a suicide barrier on the San Diego-Coronado Bridge. It was never built and is no longer under consideration. The person was floating face down and appeared to be a man wearing a red shirt and black pants. Your email address will not be published. Other bridges in California have recently added suicide barriers or are installing them. It was a beautiful day, intertwined with the visual and inescapable COVID-19 complexities and societal disturbances. Later, as she searched for information about the person who jumped that day, Margarita Kindt stumbled onto skywaybridge.com and saw a photo of a baby-faced young man. If you or someone you know is at risk of suicide, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). As part of the only college maritime rescue team in the country, student volunteers have responded to Skyway jump calls since the 1970s. The center receives about 10 Skyway calls per year, and counselors have been able to keep people on the phone until law enforcement can arrive, Reynolds said. A suicide bridge is a bridge used frequently by people to end their lives, most typically by jumping off and into the water or ground below.A fall from the height of a tall bridge into water may be fatal, although some people have survived jumps from high bridges such as the Golden Gate Bridge. To request removal of your name from an arrest report, submit these required items to arrestreports@patch.com. If you or someone you know is exhibiting warning signs of suicide, seek help by calling the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK (8255). The net would be installed on both sides of the bridge for its entire 2.1 miles, from above the Bayshore Bikeway on the Coronado side to Newton Avenue on the San Diego side. About a month after Mitchells death, another man jumped and died. Something went wrong. He wore a ball cap and peered at Sullivan through wraparound sunglasses. Learn more about how we use cookies in our cookie policy. Coronado police spokeswoman Lea Corbin said a 911 caller reported that an elderly man was attempting suicide about 8:20 a.m. Monday. Highway Patrol Cpl. Seiden tracked 515 people who had been stopped from jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge between 1937 and 1971. 6,187 Followers. Even though it is "contemporary" in design, made up of pressed concrete and steel, it is a regal bridge, standing tall in the San Diego bay. When a 911 call arrives, the team speeds to the bridge in one of four boats docked at Eckerds waterfront campus, just west of Maximo Park. But on Glorietta Boulevard, where police routed traffic off the span, cars crawled along at about 5 miles per hour trying to reach the Silver Strand, which connects to Interstate 5 near the border. Many of the other options were eliminated because they would be too heavy, require the existing outer walls to be removed and replaced, or create insurmountable maintenance problems. No further details were immediately available. Some recover just fine, Dilkey said. Thats just how he was since he was a kid.. The aircrewman posted a message back to the nurse. How unusual, I thought, as I questioned the behavior of the couple of cars I noticed were now stopped at the highest point of the bridge. Witnesses reported that a white, two-door convertible was heading west on the bridge when it crashed into the center divider, causing it to buckle about 5 feet into eastbound lanes. 2. Aug. 3, 2020, was one of those days. A man in a white pickup truck pulled to the right shoulder of the bridge's midspan area at 7:10 a.m., a CHP incident log reported. He is one of the few people who has ever survived that fall. The number of suicides and saves each year has generally trended upward, especially in the last decade. I recall we placed several phones on the bridge, and it had a positive impact, Bush said. A contractor for the Florida Department of Transportation has started work to install steel netting along a roughly mile-and-a-half stretch of the bridge. Breast Ultrasound Screening Coming Direct to You! A fisherman saw Mitchell Martin plunge to his death. Officers said the most frequent question they received from motorists was how long the bridge was going to be closed. This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Some days, Andrew Kindt feels a pull to the water. The Tampa Bay Times first reported in January 2020 that the department had decided to install a barrier. 1. Newport, too, was an adventurer, but of a very different kind.21 Born in 1561, the son of a Harwich shipmaster, he had the sea in his blood. Dozens of motorists whizzed past, until a nurse stopped, and calmed the man down until authorities arrived. Get the latest in military news, entertainment and gear in your inbox daily. A continuous steel plate would be put on top of the existing walls to provide brackets for poles spaced approximately 20 feet apart. It will take another 20-30 minutes to clear the scene and re-open the bridge. The San Diego-Coronado Bridge re-opened at almost midnight after a nearly six-hour closure caused by a man . Send tips, story ideas or letters to the editor to: Coronado\'s Local Newspaper & Community Website, Islander Boys Golf: Swinging Into the 2023 Spring Season, New Curb Bulb-Outs Designed to Increase Pedestrian Safety Crossing Ocean Boulevard, Paul Lull A Basketball Loving, VW Driving Optimist, Emerald Keepers Attend Zero Waste Symposium, Islander Girls Lacrosse Dominates Season Opener With 19-2 Win Over Santa Fe Christian, Top 4 Things to Know About the PACT Act and Your Veteran Benefits. Middlesex Centre, Ont. For many students, the grim task is their first encounter with death in the field, Dilkey said. Dilkey joined the team as a student in 1994. Phone: 619-325-0525. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. All rights reserved. First responders collect broken bodies from the water. 02/05/2022. Kindt could tell he was dead, and a swift current was quickly pulling the body toward the Gulf of Mexico. A fire rescue boat set off to recover the body. The nurse, who couldnt be reached for this story, posted a message to the unknown Navy man on Reddit, an online bulletin board where users submit topics of discussion, then rate their popularity. A small beach community with an island feel. Would I still have him?. I regret that I didn't get a chance to commend you for what you did today. She described his lack of hesitation in trying to help another person, despite the potential risk to himself as extraordinary., I want to be perfectly clear, you almost certainly saved someone's life today. Nationwide, other bridges with high numbers of suicides are also getting barriers designed to stop them. California Mid-Winter Fair 2023: Imperial, One Night on The Town - The Marcus Syndicate Dance Band Live, Jazz Evensong 2023: St. Michaels By-The-Sea, Carlsbad. Did the Harbor Police locate his body? Our free newsletter is delivered at 8 a.m. daily. He climbed up on the eastbound state Route 75 right shoulder wall and apparently jumped in the water to his death. A 28-year-old traffic homicide investigator, Sullivan volunteers for the Skyway patrol. Though the calls have provided valuable real-world experience over the years, Dilkey said the team was glad to hear about the new suicide prevention barrier. Coronado Bridge: Don't jump off! The public will have a chance to review and comment on the project a virtual meeting is scheduled for Feb. 10 and various local and state regulatory agencies would have to approve permits for it. SAN DIEGO, CA A man jumped off the Coronado Bridge Saturday and was killed, according to the California Highway Patrol. Please reload the page and try again. According to the new report, the vertical net was chosen over other alternatives in part because of the relative speed with which it could be built and because it would require fewer alterations to the bridge. Fifteen people died in jumps from the bridge in 2015. Around 400 people have jumped to their deaths from the Coronado bridge since it opened in 1969. After looking at almost two dozen potential environmental impacts in the new report, Caltrans believes the barrier can be designed and constructed to mitigate them. One day, he asked his mother to fly him home to Texas. People have survived and been pulled from the water, but the calls usually turn into a recovery mission, said Lt. Steve Lawrence, a spokesman for the department. The state switched to larger boom trucks in recent years to repair and inspect the bridge, enabling crews to work around a vertical barrier, officials have said. Reach 15K Email Subscribers and 75K/mo Web VisitorsGet Rates for Email & Website Advertising. When the woman saw Sullivan, she started running toward the top. 1 bridge in the United States used for suicides, since the current No. On a clear day in January 2019, Sullivan arrived at the top of the bridge to find a shirtless man sitting on the barrier, one leg dangling over the water some 200 feet below. Police say the 27-year-old threw himself head-first off the bridge, with the dog holding onto his arm with its teeth. The St. Clair County Dive Team is continuing its search Thursday for a man who reportedly jumped off the Blue Water Bridge Wednesday morning. As the sun finally broke through the clouds later in the afternoon, our family made a last-minute decision to view the Coronado Bridge and the fleet of Naval ships one more time. He was making it very clear that he wanted to end his life, and I did what I could to make sure that didn't happen.. Anyone with information about this incident should call the Port Huron Police Department at (810) 984-8415 or CAPTURE at (810) 987-6688. The Blue Water Bridge in Point Edward, Ont. Thank you for being upright citizens and the display of civil courage.. He knew if he didnt keep the man in sight until authorities arrived, the body might never be found. The Coronado Times newspaper provides in-depth coverage of Coronado, CA. He didnt even notice the nurse until she was at his side. 0. Officials expect the $3.4 million project to be complete by summer, after a delay blamed on the pandemic. Port Huron Police Assistant Chief Marcy Kuehn said St. Clair County Central Dispatch received a report of a large, heavy object falling off the center of the Blue Water Bridge. Send Us News Tips & Story Ideas: mana[emailprotected] If it saves lives, that means fewer loved ones Im contacting, delivering the worst of the worst news.. Use the + sign to zoom in closer to Coronado, Bridge Suicide Deterrent Project Draft Initial Study Available for Public Review. That would eliminate the need for a full environmental review, potentially shortening the timeline for the project. When she asked what he meant, he told her and his wife what hed seen. Kindt was fishing from the back of the boat as it bobbed under the bridge when he heard a scream and then a noise like a bomb going off next to me.. The San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge has been the site of roughly 300 suicides from 1960 to 2015, according to information from the county Medical Examiners Office and other organizations that track suicides. Military Life. I just held on for dear life until other responding units could arrive, he recalled. A rendering of a vertical stainless steel net that could be installed on the San Diego-Coronado Bridge. Please see the information at the end of this story. Why did it become my familys experience to witness anothers mental illness and destruction of a human body and life? The man had gotten out of his truck mid-span on the bridge, some 200 feet above the San Diego Bay, and that other vehicles had also pulled over. The Reddit exchange drew more than 100 comments from other users. In Santa Barbara County, an inward-curved, wire-mesh fence was built in 2012 on the Cold Spring Canyon Bridge, site of more than 50 fatalities. - See 5,789 traveler reviews, 1,135 candid photos, and great deals for San Diego, CA, at Tripadvisor. Contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 or suicidepreventionlifeline.org, or call the Crisis Center of Tampa Bay by dialing 2-1-1. Since the Coronado Bridge opened in 1969, nearly 400 people have jumped to their deaths. A long-time 4th Street resident, Kenneth Kaminski, said he does not ever recall the suicide threats happening with such frequency. The St. Clair County Dive Team is continuing its search Thursday for a man who reportedly jumped off the Blue Water Bridge Wednesday morning. He said he would go to therapy but never did. Students are taught there arent right or wrong ways to react. It was a life-or-death moment on the San Diego-Coronado Bridge Monday when a Naval aircrewman pulled over to stop a man from leaping into the bay. Former St. Clair County Dive Team Chief Wayne Brusate said the dive team will continue to search from the bridge to Glenwood Avenue Thursday afternoon. We won't use your email for any other purpose, and you can opt out at any time via an unsubscribe link. A man stopped his vehicle mid-span on the San Diego-Coronado Bridge and jumped to his death Monday morning, according to the California Highway Patrol . He figured if someone was determined to die, theyd find a way if they didnt get professional help, as he did for his own depression. They talked again later over FaceTime. The Port Huron Fire Department, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Marysville Fire Department and Tri-Hospital EMS also responded to the scene. Suicide barriers dont qualify for highway safety funding in Caltrans budget, so other sources would have to be found. Someone in a passing car saw Martin walk to the waist-high concrete barrier wall and jump. Many find their way to skywaybridge.com, a website that has tracked Skyway suicide attempts since 1998. San Diego County Government: County Expands Funding To Engage Fathers And Caregivers, San Diego County Sheriff's Department: In-Custody Death Finding, San Diego Community College District: District Events Celebrate Women's History Month, San Diego County Government: New Labor Laws, Resources Focus Of County/City Webinar, Tax Filing Deadline For San Diegans Extended To October Due to Storms. Kindt knew the Skyway was a suicide magnet, but he didnt like the idea of a fence or net. Here are some last-minute, Best last-minute Valentines Day gifts for him, Teenage bicyclist hurt in hit-and-run crash, Experts explain concerns, benefits from CA storms, These are places to live on the West Coast, Scooter rider killed in crash near border identified, A new pirate-themed speakeasy has washed ashore in, Cat spends 6 days alone in Vegas hotel room, This SD campground is among the best in America, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Robin keeps some of his ashes in a teardrop-shaped necklace and had some mixed into the ink for a tattoo on her chest of two fingerprints forming a heart. A San Diego police negotiator was summoned. Update: All EB & WB lanes on the San Diego-Coronado Bridge have reopened to traffic. What is the history of suicides from the Coronado Bridge? Completion is expected in 2023. Prove some guy on Twitter wrong. County Crime Log, 'The Great Junk Hunt' Vintage Flea Market 2023: Fairgrounds, Del Mar, California Mid-Winter Fair 2023: Imperial, Jazz Evensong 2023: St. Michaels By-The-Sea, Carlsbad. In other cases, the team retrieves bodies from boaters who stopped to help. Support local journalism today. Kindt had seen comments Megan made about her brother on the Facebook page of skywaybridge.com. Since that day in 2000, the Bridge Rail Foundation says, 571 people have died jumping from the bridge. Whoops! Richard Sepolio, who wore his . It faithfully provides motorists with transportation btwn San Diego and Coronado island, it reveals a great panoramic view of the bay for all to enjoy, and . - Some guy on Twitter. Our online publication has been Coronado's trusted news source for over 20 years. Hes won numerous local, state and regional awards. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. While it has recently become synonymous with suicide, it is by no means the only bridge where suicide is committed. Theres all these laws in place for all these different means, it just seems like if you build something like that bridge, there should be a responsibility.. Back in the day people used the ferry to access Coronado or drove around to the silver strand. Moments later, he realized what had happened. Memorial Fundraiser for beloved French Valley Veteran. As the two struggled, the 21-year . SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The woman who survived her mother jumping from the Coronado Bridge while holding her got to meet someone . It is clear that the city of San Diego must now take action. No storms? Harbor Police were called to the scene to retrieve the body and the San Diego County Medical Examiner's Office was also called, the CHP said. There have been nine bridge suicides so far this year. Your email address will not be published. In 2012, the bridge reached a grim milestone: a record high of 19 . Just curious. The six phones, installed in 1999, connected directly to the Crisis Centers suicide hotline. It was a blow to his self-esteem, Robin said. Jun 03, 2013 at 10:38 pm. Crews are adding horizontal netting to the vertical fence along San Franciscos Golden Gate Bridge, where some 1,700 people have jumped to their deaths. Coronado Rotary Celebrates 97 Years of Service Above Self! They almost got away with . It was originally a toll bridge utilizing the fees to pay for the adware winng structure. Byron was rescued, but the dog was killed.California Highway Patrol officers say Byron's blood-alcohol level was more than twice the legal limit after his arrest.
Homes For Sale By Owner In Brantley Alabama, All The Light We Cannot See Ending Explained, Butler National Caddie Program, Local 456 Teamsters Wages, Articles D