Swain, C. M. (1993). If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. (Eds. Social representation. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Represent Women?A Contingent "Yes" Jane Mansbridge Harvard University Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. Letters can be written to their representatives. As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. . That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. Lafont, C. (2006). Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. 3. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. Pros of Representative Democracy. Advantages of Descriptive Research. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. Enter your library card number to sign in. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. $\endgroup . Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. Your email address will not be published. (2005). People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. (1999). Crenshaw, K. (1991). Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Pros. Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Aldershot: Ashgate. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. Toggle navigation. 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in Congress, particularly Democratic women, and this number has increased steadily over the years. 1. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Political liberalism. Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . Google Scholar. (1998). #1) Waterfall Model. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . People still have a voice. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. 26 ubat 2021 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Companies use descriptive research analysis, but it has both advantages and disadvantages. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . 9. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Inclusion and democracy. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . 2. The changing nature of European equality regimes. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. Goodin, R. 2004. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. Reliance on analytical thinki ng. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Equality of opportunity. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. doughty funeral home exmore, virginia obituaries, Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, radisson blu resort residences punta cana, largest man made lake in the world by surface area, is rosemary oil safe for color treated hair, tarrant county democratic party precinct chairs. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. (2005a). History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. Mansbridge, J. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Quantitativist. Democratic political theory. Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. Oxford: Oxford University Press. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Fortunes of feminism. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Related; Information; Close Figure Viewer. Mutfak Gnlkleri Sibel'in Mutfa Ana Sayfa; Hakkmda; Bana Ulan; descriptive representation pros and cons. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Surprising as it may seem, some teachers don't think grades are a useful tool. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Weldon, L. S. (2002). The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Gender and discourse. Between facts and norms. While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. Founding members of the CBC include John Conyers (D-MI), currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives, Charles Rangel (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm, a founder of the NWPC and the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. Delegation of tasks to others offers the following benefits: 1. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Implicit Standards for Evaluating Representatives . The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. 3. The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. London: Routledge. New York: Verso. The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives Olsen, J. P. (2013). 2. Democracy and disagreement. As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are . Holst, C. (2010). This essay will proceed as follows. Main Research Question. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. Bacchi, C. (1999). (1982). Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Democratic legitimacy. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Sex and social justice. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Mart, J. L. (2006). Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. 1938). Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. A table lists data in columns. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). "American Government", OpenStax, OpenStax; Rice University. Barry, B. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. (2004). 2. In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . Young, I. M. (1994). In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. . It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Part of Springer Nature. Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. 6. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Sociologist. Tannen, D. (1994). When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. It is also known as the linear sequential model. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Your email address will not be published. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. Voet, R. (1992). Required fields are marked *. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. (2001). Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. Get Access. Sound bar - Pros and Cons. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. Caption. Phillips, A. Quantitative Methodology. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Democracy With Adequate Representation. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Conclusion. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Fraser, N. (2003). / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. Wngnerud, L. (2009). One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. Hernes, H. (1987). Walby, S. (2011). Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. Williams, M. S. (1998). These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. New York: Free Press. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. Pages 491-507. State feminism and political representation. By making the decision-making process more . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Feminizing politics. What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? For minorities, America is not the land of the free. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. Pennock, J. R. (1979). For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. Pros. MMP will give voters more power in their decisions as well as create the kind of democratic government Canada is in dire need of. Oxford: Polity Press. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. 518). Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). Towards a European union gender equality index. Princeton: Princeton University Press. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe.
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