characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . The state of subsistence agriculture in Ethiopia: sources of output The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. Section D. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . Cookies on OCLC websites. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. Climate change and specialty coffee potential in Ethiopia Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Smallholder Farmers Agricultural Commercialization in Ethiopia: A A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. Physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands and farmers' soil Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. Ethiopian Highlands - Africa RISING Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey 2013-2014 - World Bank [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Forestry in Ethiopia - Wikipedia Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. Land Degradation in Ethiopia: Causes, Impacts and - IISTE [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. Brighter Green, 6. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Trade. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. Soil fertility status and wheat nutrient content in Vertisol cropping The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Practically all animals are range-fed. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. The sector is dominated by small scale farmers that - Course Hero Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. Agricultural sample survey. Volume II, Report on livestock and The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). Agricultural Research and Development in Ethiopia The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. [7] [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. Merkebu Getachew. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. 2. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. A critical review of rural development policy of Ethiopia: access Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. Production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture Penn State SURVEY REPORTS - Ethiopian Statistics Service This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Agriculture in Ethiopia | Infomineo y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed An estimated 85 percent of the . It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Elementor #1090 - [] PORTER GHILLIE In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Extent, Distribution, and Causes of Soil Acidity under Subsistence Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. [2][3][4] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Characteristics of Agriculture | PDF | Intensive Farming - Scribd In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. "National Statistical Abstract. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. The agricultural extension system in Ethiopia: Operational setup Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). Overview. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. PDF Ethiopian Cattle Genetic Resource and Unique Characteristics - IJSR ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - ScienceDirect This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Abstract and Figures. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Ethiopia - End-line Survey for the Impact Evaluation of the UN Joint In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. Section D. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Source: United Nations Comtrade. <i>Objective</i>. 2. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Agriculture in Ethiopia | Infomineo In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid.

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